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Music Therapy

Type of Subject : Music Therapy

Initial time: 1944

Place:University Michigan State University

Content Table

I. Definition of music therapy in countries around the world

Because Music Therapy is a young applied subject, involving a wide range of disciplines, a wide range of applications, and a rich genre of ideas, there is no uniform definition of standards for the development of music therapy. This is because music therapy is a relatively young subject after all, and because music therapists from different countries and different ethnic groups are affected by many factors such as culture, history, economy, politics, medical conditions, etc. The field of music therapy and the treatment methods are different, so there is an inconsistent definition. To put it simply, music therapy is the use of all forms of music activities, including listening, singing, playing, rhythm and other means to stimulate and hypnotize people and have a voice to stimulate the body’s response, so that people achieve health goals.

The American Music Therapy Association is defined as: Music Therapy is the clinical and evidence-based use of music interventions to accomplish individualized goals within a therapeutic relationship by a credentialed professional who has completed an approved music therapy program (American Music Therapy Association, 2005).

Professor Zhang Hongyi and other scholars from the China Conservatory of Music have drawn representative representations in the study (Zhang Hongjun, “The Foundation of Music Therapeutics”, published by China Electronic Audio and Video Publishing House in 2000):

European music therapy expert Si Sadi believes that music therapy, that is, the use of music for the treatment, relief or stimulation of the disease.

Japan’s “New Music Dictionary”: Music therapy refers to psychotherapy through music, hypnosis, which is based on the artistic view of using music to promote physical and mental health and cultivate personality, and belongs to a category of applied music (psychology). .

This is the definition of music therapy in China: music therapy is the study of the role of music on human function and how to apply music to treat diseases. It belongs to the category of applied psychology. (“China Encyclopedia, Music and Dance Volume”, 1989 Edition)

Music therapy is a systematic intervention process in which the therapist uses various forms of the musical experience, as well as the therapeutic relationships developed during the treatment process, to help the subject achieve a healthy goal. (Music, University of Tempe, Professor Bruce K Bruscia, “Defining Music Therapy”, 1989)

The definition talks about music-centric experiences; important musical psychotherapeutic elements such as treatment processes based on the relationship between therapists and visitors, and treatment procedures and assessment methods for health-oriented systems. We can see from the definition proposed by K.Bruscia that this definition is a very perfect definition of music psychotherapy. In China, many scholars agree with this definition and attribute music therapy to the scope of applied psychology and interpret it. For example, Gao Tian made a comprehensive and detailed explanation of K. Bruscia’s definition of music therapy in his Introduction to Music Therapy. The definition emphasizes: 1. Music therapy is a scientific systematic treatment process. In this process, it involves the application of various methods and genre theory, rather than the misunderstanding of some people, thinking that music therapy is only one. A simple single therapy. Music therapy is not a random, isolated intervention process, but a rigorous, scientific systemic intervention process that includes assessment, establishment of long- and short-term treatment, establishment and implementation of treatment plans, and evaluation of efficacy; Treatment is the use of all forms of activity related to music, such as listening, singing, playing, music creation, music and other arts, not just listening to music; 3. Music therapy must include music The three factors of the subject, the specially trained music therapist. (Gao Tian, ​​”Introduction to Music Therapeutics” 2006).

Looking at the subject, application, operation methods and development trends of contemporary music therapy in the world, the music therapy discipline has gone far beyond the subject area of ​​applied psychology. That is to say, music therapy is not what most people think. That is only a sub-discipline of psychotherapy, but an independent discipline with a broader scope. Therefore, the above definition of Blucia can be used as a more comprehensive definition of musical psychology than a comprehensive definition of music therapy.

Wang Xudong in “Entertainment Therapy” (Nanjing University Press, March 2000), “Traditional Chinese Medicine Health Rehabilitation” (7-year undergraduate textbook of the New Century National College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, China Traditional Chinese Medicine Press, October 2004) In other works, the concept and practice of Western music therapy are summarized in three different ways, namely: 1. Clinical methods, 2. Entertainment methods, 3. Educational methods; many scientific research results also prove that music therapy not only has Psychological effects also have obvious physiological effects, such as music prenatal education; in the way of music therapy, music therapy, music and acupuncture combined, music qigong therapy, physiotherapy, etc., all indicate that the discipline of music therapy has been detached. The application of psychology has opened up a broader discipline extension! (“Fang Xing’s Unknown Chinese Music Therapy” 2006)

Chen Jingjing pointed out in the article “The Definition and Formation of Music Therapeutics and Its Development in China” (“Music Exploration”, 2004, Issue 3): “Music Therapeutics has been in existence for decades, its research The field has not been fully demonstrated and developed. The application of music therapy covers not only psychology, medicine, musicology, but also pedagogy and even many unknown scientific fields. The clinical research of music therapy also shows that the discipline itself It is not the relationship between research and other discipline theories, but the application of music as a treatment to clinical treatments and treatments. Therefore, we cannot simply define music therapy as psychology, medicine, and musicology. An integrated, at least discipline can at least be considered incomplete for music therapy itself.”

Based on the theoretical views put forward by Chinese scholars above, music therapy is defined as:

Music therapy is based on the practical function of music, in accordance with the systematic treatment procedures, the application of music or music-related experience as a means to treat diseases or promote physical and mental health. As long as it is systematic, the planned and purposeful application of music as a means to achieve the purpose of promoting human health and wellness, treatment methods and treatment activities, should belong to the category of music therapy. (Chen Jingjing, “The Definition and Formation of Music Therapy and Its Development in China” 2004)

Music therapy has a long history. The classic work of the motherland medicine “The Yellow Emperor’s Internal Classic” put forward the “five-tone therapy” two thousand years ago. The music therapy of the ancients was based on the relationship between the characteristics of the five ethnic music of the palace, the merchant, the horn, the levy and the feather, and the relationship between the five internal organs and the five elements to select the repertoire for treatment. Such as the palace-style music, the style is melodious, calm and solemn, like the “earth” as thick and strong, can enter the spleen; commercial style music, high style, tragic and majestic, with “golden” characteristics, can enter the lungs; angular tone composition The earth rejuvenates, everything is born, the lively melody, the tunes are intimate and hearty, with the characteristics of “wood”, can enter the liver; the temperament music, the melody is warm and cheerful, lively and relaxed, constitutes a layered, emotionally happy infection atmosphere, with “ The characteristics of the fire can be entered into the heart; the feather-style music, the style is pure, the sorrowful grievances, the sorrows and the softness, such as the celestial curtain, the flowing water, with the characteristics of “water”, can enter the kidney.

In the West, ancient Egypt has a record of “music is a wonderful medicine for human souls”, and ancient Greek and Roman historical works have also been described. The Old Testament tells the story of King Saul’s David Drumming Exorcism (in fact, mental restlessness).

In the mid-19th century, music therapy was once popular in Europe. The Austrian doctor P. Lichtental (1780 ~ 1853) wrote a four-volume “Musician” in 1807, which introduced the findings of the study in more detail. .

During the Second World War, the effectiveness of the music treatment for mentally ill patients was significantly promoted.

In 1950, the world’s first national association of music therapy was established in the United States to discuss and promote music therapy, and to publish essays and periodicals. Western countries have also established such organizations and have international professional exchange activities. At this point, music therapy has developed into a specialized therapy. Therefore, most countries in the world have music therapy associations.

Music therapy is a method of psychotherapy, so it should follow the same principles of treatment as general psychotherapy, such as the principle of confidentiality, the principle of making friends. In addition, there are some special treatment principles for music therapy.

Music therapy should play music step by step according to the psychological characteristics of the visitors. From the perspective of the choice of music, it must be gradual. Music that guides sadness is mild, moderate, and severe. Choosing music generally begins with mild music and gradually transitions to moderately sad music. From the perspective of the playback volume, the volume should be gradually increased, allowing the visitors to gradually adapt.

Learning and inspiration principles

It refers to the education and guidance of visitors who do not understand music during music therapy, and introduces the background of music creation and the artistic conception that musicians want to express. Before you can re-treat, try to let the visitors listen to a piece of music and experience the mood of music. If the visitor does not understand the mood of the music, the psychotherapist should make some explanations to help the visitor understand the meaning of the music.

It is the treatment that allows visitors to experience their emotions or feelings according to the atmosphere created by music.

Music therapy can be divided into acceptive, impromptu, and re-creation music therapy.

1. Among the methods of accepted music therapy are listening, song discussion, GIM and many other methods.

2. Re-creation music therapy includes song creation, music creation, musical psychology and so on.

3. Impromptu music therapy includes instrumental improvisation, oral improvisation and other methods.

Like Modern Medicine Music Therapy also has its methodologies

Music therapy is the use of music-related means: listening, singing, performance, creation, rhythm, music and other art forms and other methods and techniques to achieve a healthy goal. So how is the music therapy method related to the above form implemented? What kind of experience can we get from it?

The music therapy methods associated with listening are mainly accepted music therapy methods. Use the various forms of sound and musical emotions, as well as different listening methods to achieve therapeutic purposes.

It Promotes hearing ability: including attention, persistence, memory, sensibility, recognition ability, strength, weakness, timbre, pitch, etc.

Its also used to:

Mainly for receiving music therapy necessities are:

1. Active listening.

Focus and listen to music actively;

2. Music synchronization

The principle of synchronization of music and emotional emotions promotes introspection;

3. Music and imagination: guiding imagination and non-guided imagination

Stimulate imagination in the context of music, print associations, and use it for psychoanalysis of music;

4. GIM (guided imagery music) music guides imagination

The effect of psychological emotions.

5. Lyrics discussion

Promote creativity, interaction, and emotional sharing.

6. Music muscle relaxation training 7. Music spirit decompression relax 8. Music hypnosis

Etc. (music biofeedback, music system desensitization)

Improve the training of expressive language

Respiratory and muscle control for improved language expression

Stimulate and improve motivation to use sound

Improve vocabulary and cognitive ability

Explore your body instrument

Provide a wonderful interactive experience

Create relationships and guide active participation motivation

Helping body movements to rehabilitate

Provide non-verbal expression tools

Develop the ability to interact with groups (cooperation, rotation, coordination, etc.)

Reflect physical status and activity

Cultivate leisure skills

Performance creativity, mainly for impromptu music therapy

Instrumental music professor

Impromptu instrumental performance

Improve awareness of body parts and functions

Development space, direction concept

Improve movement ability: movement coordination

Promote interaction by touching and imitating dancing with others

Integrate the sensory experience of vision, hearing, touch and physical reality

Changes in body response speed, rhythm, and intensity

b) Creation

Lyrics creation, song creation.

c) Comprehensive music therapy.

According to statistics from the American Music Therapy Association’s 1999 work on more than 4,000 US-registered music therapists, combined with Schmidt Peters, 2002, “Introduction to Music Therapy”, a review of the adaptation of music therapy, nowadays music Treatment is mainly used in AIDS, abuse and sexual abuse assistance, prisons, brain injuries, hearing impairment, speech disorders, learning disabilities, mental retardation, childbirth, premature infants, surgery, psychosis, nerve damage, spinal injuries, senile dementia, brain Stroke sequelae, child psychotherapy, hospice care, juvenile delinquency, detoxification/alcohol, asthma, stage performance stress, family therapy, normal person psychotherapy, visual impairment, shape impairment, communication impairment or injury, autism, affective disorder (children , adolescents, adults) severely disabled people, including hospital therapists, physical rehabilitation programs, the elderly, and the general population to achieve physical and mental health.

Although the research on the mechanism of music therapy is still weak, many research reports can still explain some problems. Comprehensive research at home and abroad and some physiological experiments report that the music therapy mechanism can be summarized as follows:

1. Music can directly affect the central nervous system of the human brain, such as the hypothalamus and the limbic system, and can regulate the emotions of the person in both directions.

2. Musical stimulation can affect the release of certain brain transmitters such as acetylcholine and norepinephrine, thereby improving cerebral cortical function.

3. The central hypothalamus, limbic system and brainstem reticular structure of emotional activity are closely related to the autonomic nervous system, and also the controller of the internal organs and endocrine glands. Therefore, the emotional state of tension can directly lead to certain internal organs. Lesions, and suffering from “heart and mind disease.” Music can regulate people’s emotions, so it can also help treat certain psychosomatic diseases.

4. The auditory center of the brain and the pain center are in the temporal lobe of the brain. The music stimulates the auditory center to have an interactive inhibition of pain. At the same time, music can also increase the concentration of pituitary encephalopathy, and enkephalin can inhibit pain, so the music has a town. Painful effect.

5. Psychological research shows that music can influence personality. Emotional training is very important for personality growth. Music embraces all aspects of human emotions, so it can effectively cast personality. Music can transcend consciousness and directly affect subconsciousness. There are special effects in psychotherapy; music activities are relatively orderly behaviors, which help to coordinate the body and mind and establish harmonious interpersonal relationships, and are therefore widely used in behavioral therapy.

6. Music can improve brain function, coordinate the left and right hemispheres of the brain, and promote human intellectual development, so it is often used in children’s early intellectual development; music can improve the ability of children with intellectual disabilities, so music is widely used in special education.

Under the exploration of different music treatment methods, different schools from the psychodynamics, biology, humanism, behavioral school and Gestalt school, as well as the development of music education theory, have emerged around the world.

Nowadays, world music therapy is systematically divided into ten schools:

1. Nordoff Robbins Music Therapy

Nordoff-Robbins Music therapy (Creative Music therapy )

2. Psychological dynamic orientation music therapy

Psychodynamically Oriented Music therapy

3. Clinical Orff Music Therapy

Clinical Orff Schulwerk

4. Clinical application of Kodak concept

Clinical Applications of Kodaly Concept

5. Clinical application of Dalkroz rhythm teaching

Clinical Applications of Dalcroz Eurhythmics

6. Guide imagery and music therapy

Guilded Imagery and Music therapy

7. Develop music therapy

Developmental Music therapy

8. Music therapy and communication analysis

Music therapy and Transactional Analysis

9. Gestalt music therapy

Gestalt Approach Music therapy

10. Music therapy using behavioral correction

Applications of Behavior Modification Principle are applicable to Music therapy Treatment. Thus we see that it is a very impactful mode of treatment of ailments and unfavorable medical and mental conditions.

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